Markets: A Rigorous Course

M14 · Problem 5 ★★ Check

Shrinkage intensity in closed form

Let xt∼N(0,In)x_t \sim N(0, I_n) i.i.d., t=1..Tt = 1..T, mean known, and S=1T∑txtxt⊤S = \frac1T\sum_t x_tx_t^\top. (a) Show E∥S−I∥F2=n(n+1)/T\mathbb E\|S - I\|_F^2 = n(n+1)/T (unnormalised Frobenius norm). (b) For the (deliberately wrong) target F=12IF = \tfrac12I, compute δ∗\delta^* from (14.4) and evaluate it for n=30n = 30, T=60T = 60. (c) Show δ∗∈[0,1]\delta^* \in [0, 1] in general and interpret the limits T→∞T \to \infty and F=ΣF = \Sigma.

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Commas, ₹, % and 1e-3 notation are accepted.

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