Readings and resources
Core about 5 min
Read first (in this order)
- Hull, J. C., Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 11th ed., Pearson, 2021. The chapters on the mechanics of futures markets, hedging strategies using futures, and the determination of forward and futures prices (chapters 2, 3 and 5 in recent editions; numbering drifts between editions). Read alongside 7.1–7.3 and 7.6.
- This module's 7.2 (margins and daily settlement), 7.4 (index futures in India) and 7.5 (open interest) cover the Indian conventions; M00 · 0.4 places futures on the instrument map.
- NISM Series VIII (Equity Derivatives) syllabus, units 3 (equity futures and forwards), 6 (trading mechanism) and 7 (clearing, settlement and risk management): the most structured treatment of Indian F&O plumbing. https://www.nism.ac.in/revamp-nism/test-objectives-revised-nism-series-viii-equity-derivatives-certification-examination/
For depth (papers)
- Cox, J. C., Ingersoll, J. E. and Ross, S. A. (1981), "The relation between forward prices and futures prices", Journal of Financial Economics 9(4), 321–346. The source of Props 7.5–7.6.
- Jarrow, R. A. and Oldfield, G. S. (1981), "Forward contracts and futures contracts", Journal of Financial Economics 9(4), 373–382.
- Harrison, J. M. and Pliska, S. R. (1981), "Martingales and stochastic integrals in the theory of continuous trading", Stochastic Processes and their Applications 11(3), 215–260. The risk-neutral pricing principle used in 7.2.4.
- Johnson, L. L. (1960), "The theory of hedging and speculation in commodity futures", Review of Economic Studies 27(3), 139–151; Ederington, L. H. (1979), "The hedging performance of the new futures markets", Journal of Finance 34(1), 157–170. Minimum-variance hedging and as effectiveness.
- Culp, C. L. and Miller, M. H. (1995), "Metallgesellschaft and the economics of synthetic storage", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.
- Mello, A. S. and Parsons, J. E. (1995), "Maturity structure of a hedge matters: lessons from the Metallgesellschaft debacle", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.
- Pirrong, S. C. (1997), "Metallgesellschaft: a prudent hedger ruined, or a wildcatter on NYMEX?", Journal of Futures Markets.
Lectures and courses
- MIT 15.401 Finance Theory I (Andrew Lo, Fall 2008), sessions on forward and futures contracts. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-401-finance-theory-i-fall-2008/
- NPTEL, Financial Derivatives and Risk Management (Prof. J. P. Singh, IIT Roorkee), weeks on forwards, futures and hedging. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110107128
- Columbia, Financial Engineering and Risk Management (Coursera), course 1: no-arbitrage, forwards and futures. https://www.coursera.org/specializations/financialengineering
Indian sources and data
- NSE equity derivatives margins page (SPAN, ELM): https://www.nseindia.com/static/products-services/equity-derivatives-margins
- NSE contract specifications (Nifty 50, Nifty Bank): https://www.nseindia.com/static/products-services/equity-derivatives-nifty50
- NSE F&O bhavcopy (UDiFF, from 2024):
https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/content/fo/BhavCopy_NSE_FO_0_0_0_YYYYMMDD_F_0000.csv.zip; old-format archive used for March 2020:https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/content/historical/DERIVATIVES/2020/MAR/foDDMAR2020bhav.csv.zip; index closes with P/E, P/B and dividend yield:https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_close_all_DDMMYYYY.csv - SEBI circular SEBI/HO/MRD/TPD-1/P/CIR/2024/132 (1 Oct 2024), measures to strengthen the equity index derivatives framework (summary: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/10/03/measures-to-strengthen-equity-index-derivatives-framework-legal-news).
- MCX product pages: https://www.mcxindia.com/products
- Metallgesellschaft case notes: Penn State EBF 301, https://courses.ems.psu.edu/ebf301/node/571; Brealey, Myers and Allen companion case, https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0077151569/977786/c26j_Metallgesellschaft.pdf
- MCX negative crude settlement: Business Standard, 22 Apr 2020, https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/mcx-settles-april-crude-oil-futures-contract-at-minus-rs-2-884-barrel-120042201289_1.html